microsoft

microsoft-finally-releases-generic-install-isos-for-the-arm-version-of-windows

Microsoft finally releases generic install ISOs for the Arm version of Windows

For some PC buyers, doing a clean install of Windows right out of the box is part of the setup ritual. But for Arm-based PCs, including the Copilot+ PCs with Snapdragon X Plus and Elite chips in them, it hasn’t been possible in the same way. Microsoft (mostly) hasn’t offered generic install media that can be used to reinstall Windows on an Arm PC from scratch.

Microsoft is fixing that today—the company finally has a download page for the official Arm release of Windows 11, linked to but separate from the ISOs for the x86 versions of Windows. These are useful not just for because-I-feel-like-it clean installs, but for reinstalling Windows after you’ve upgraded your SSD and setting up Windows virtual machines on Arm-based PCs and Macs.

Previously, Microsoft did offer install media for some Windows Insider Preview Arm builds, though these are for beta versions of Windows that may or may not be feature-complete or stable. Various apps, scripts, and websites also exist to grab files from Microsoft’s servers and build “unofficial” ISOs for the Arm version of Windows, though obviously this is more complicated than just downloading a single file directly.

Microsoft finally releases generic install ISOs for the Arm version of Windows Read More »

notepad.exe,-now-an-actively-maintained-app,-has-gotten-its-inevitable-ai-update

Notepad.exe, now an actively maintained app, has gotten its inevitable AI update

Among the decades-old Windows apps to get renewed attention from Microsoft during the Windows 11 era is Notepad, the basic built-in text editor that was much the same in early 2021 as it had been in the ’90 and 2000s. Since then, it has gotten a raft of updates, including a visual redesign, spellcheck and autocorrect, and window tabs.

Given Microsoft’s continuing obsession with all things AI, it’s perhaps not surprising that the app’s latest update (currently in preview for Canary and Dev Windows Insiders) is a generative AI feature called Rewrite that promises to adjust the length, tone, and phrasing of highlighted sentences or paragraphs using generative AI. Users will be offered three rewritten options based on what they’ve highlighted, and they can select the one they like best or tell the app to try again.

Rewrite appears to be based on the same technology as the Copilot assistant, since it uses cloud-side processing (rather than your local CPU, GPU, or NPU) and requires Microsoft account sign-in to work. The initial preview is available to users in the US, France, the UK, Canada, Italy, and Germany.

If you don’t care about AI or you don’t sign in with a Microsoft account, note that Microsoft is also promising substantial improvements in launch time with this version of Notepad. “Most users will see app launch times improve by more than 35 percent, with some users seeing improvements of 55 percent or more,” reads the blog post by Microsoft’s Windows apps manager Dave Grochocki.

Notepad.exe, now an actively maintained app, has gotten its inevitable AI update Read More »

thousands-of-hacked-tp-link-routers-used-in-years-long-account-takeover-attacks

Thousands of hacked TP-Link routers used in years-long account takeover attacks

Hackers working on behalf of the Chinese government are using a botnet of thousands of routers, cameras, and other Internet-connected devices to perform highly evasive password spray attacks against users of Microsoft’s Azure cloud service, the company warned Thursday.

The malicious network, made up almost entirely of TP-Link routers, was first documented in October 2023 by a researcher who named it Botnet-7777. The geographically dispersed collection of more than 16,000 compromised devices at its peak got its name because it exposes its malicious malware on port 7777.

Account compromise at scale

In July and again in August of this year, security researchers from Serbia and Team Cymru reported the botnet was still operational. All three reports said that Botnet-7777 was being used to skillfully perform password spraying, a form of attack that sends large numbers of login attempts from many different IP addresses. Because each individual device limits the login attempts, the carefully coordinated account-takeover campaign is hard to detect by the targeted service.

On Thursday, Microsoft reported that CovertNetwork-1658—the name Microsoft uses to track the botnet—is being used by multiple Chinese threat actors in an attempt to compromise targeted Azure accounts. The company said the attacks are “highly evasive” because the botnet—now estimated at about 8,000 strong on average—takes pains to conceal the malicious activity.

“Any threat actor using the CovertNetwork-1658 infrastructure could conduct password spraying campaigns at a larger scale and greatly increase the likelihood of successful credential compromise and initial access to multiple organizations in a short amount of time,” Microsoft officials wrote. “This scale, combined with quick operational turnover of compromised credentials between CovertNetwork-1658 and Chinese threat actors, allows for the potential of account compromises across multiple sectors and geographic regions.

Some of the characteristics that make detection difficult are:

  • The use of compromised SOHO IP addresses
  • The use of a rotating set of IP addresses at any given time. The threat actors had thousands of available IP addresses at their disposal. The average uptime for a CovertNetwork-1658 node is approximately 90 days.
  • The low-volume password spray process; for example, monitoring for multiple failed sign-in attempts from one IP address or to one account will not detect this activity.

Thousands of hacked TP-Link routers used in years-long account takeover attacks Read More »

microsoft-delays-rollout-of-the-windows-11-recall-feature-yet-again

Microsoft delays rollout of the Windows 11 Recall feature yet again

“We are committed to delivering a secure and trusted experience with Recall. To ensure we deliver on these important updates, we’re taking additional time to refine the experience before previewing it with Windows Insiders,” said Microsoft Windows Insider Senior Program Manager Brandon LeBlanc in a statement provided to The Verge.

LeBlanc didn’t offer additional details on the latest Recall delay or make any new announcements about other security precautions Microsoft is taking with the feature. The company’s September blog post detailed how data was being protected using Windows’ Virtualization-Based Security (VBS) features and Windows Hello authentication and reiterated that Recall will be opt-in by default and that it will be fully removable for Windows users who aren’t interested in using it.

When it does start to roll out, Recall will still require a Copilot+ PC, which gets some AI-related features not available to typical Windows 11 PCs. To meet the Copilot+ requirements, PCs must have at least 16GB of RAM and 256GB of storage, plus a neural processing unit (NPU) that can perform at least 40 trillion operations per second (TOPS). Users will also need their PCs to be enrolled in the Windows Insider Program; we have no idea when non-Windows Insider PCs will start getting Recall, though at this point, it seems likely it won’t be until sometime in 2025.

Microsoft delays rollout of the Windows 11 Recall feature yet again Read More »

call-of-duty:-black-ops-6-accounted-for-19%-of-comcast-internet-traffic-last-week

Call of Duty: Black Ops 6 accounted for 19% of Comcast Internet traffic last week

You might think that since Call of Duty: Black Ops 6 (which was released last Friday) is the 21st game in the franchise, it wouldn’t be that highly anticipated. You’d be wrong. Last week’s entry set multiple records when it launched.

Specifically, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella said the game set new records for Game Pass subscribers, particularly for a first-day game launch. That’s, of course, to be expected—Call of Duty was a major reason why Microsoft acquired Activision, the longtime publisher of the series.

It gets a little zanier, though. The Internet service provider Comcast says Black Ops 6 was directly responsible for 19 percent of its overall traffic the week of the launch, according to a report in The Verge.

That’s partly due to the game’s popularity, but it can also be attributed to its huge file size. A full install of Black Ops 6 can take up to just over 100GB, depending on your platform—and possibly as much as 300GB if you also install game modes tied to the previous entries in the series, like the immensely popular battle royale Warzone. That will wreak havoc on users’ data caps; Comcast imposes a 1.2TB monthly cap in many states.

Call of Duty: Black Ops 6 accounted for 19% of Comcast Internet traffic last week Read More »

microsoft-reports-big-profits-amid-massive-ai-investments

Microsoft reports big profits amid massive AI investments

Microsoft reported quarterly earnings that impressed investors and showed how resilient the company is even as it spends heavily on AI.

Some investors have been uneasy about the company’s aggressive spending on AI, while others have demanded it. During this quarter, Microsoft reported that it spent $20 billion on capital expenditures, nearly double what it had spent during the same quarter last year.

However, the company satisfied both groups of investors, as it revealed it has still been doing well in the short term amid those long-term investments. The fiscal quarter, which covered July through September, saw overall sales rise 16 percent year over year to $65.6 billion. Despite all that AI spending, profits were up 11 percent, too.

The growth was largely driven by Azure and cloud services, which saw a 33 percent increase in revenue. The company attributed 12 percent of that to AI-related products and services.

Meanwhile, Microsoft’s gaming division continued to challenge long-standing assumptions that hardware is king, with Xbox content and services posting 61 percent increased year-over-year revenue despite a 29 percent drop in hardware sales.

Microsoft has famously been inching away from the classic strategy of keeping software and services exclusive to its hardware, launching first-party games like Sea of Thieves not just on PC but on the competing PlayStation 5 console from Sony. Compared to the Xbox, the PlayStation is dominant in sales and install base for this generation.

But don’t make the mistake of assuming that a 61 percent jump in content and services revenue is solely because Microsoft’s Game Pass subscription service is taking off. The company attributed 53 points of that to the recent $69 billion Activision acquisition.

Microsoft reports big profits amid massive AI investments Read More »

github-copilot-moves-beyond-openai-models-to-support-claude-3.5,-gemini

GitHub Copilot moves beyond OpenAI models to support Claude 3.5, Gemini

The large language model-based coding assistant GitHub Copilot will switch from using exclusively OpenAI’s GPT models to a multi-model approach over the coming weeks, GitHub CEO Thomas Dohmke announced in a post on GitHub’s blog.

First, Anthropic’s Claude 3.5 Sonnet will roll out to Copilot Chat’s web and VS Code interfaces over the next few weeks. Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro will come a bit later.

Additionally, GitHub will soon add support for a wider range of OpenAI models, including GPT o1-preview and o1-mini, which are intended to be stronger at advanced reasoning than GPT-4, which Copilot has used until now. Developers will be able to switch between the models (even mid-conversation) to tailor the model to fit their needs—and organizations will be able to choose which models will be usable by team members.

The new approach makes sense for users, as certain models are better at certain languages or types of tasks.

“There is no one model to rule every scenario,” wrote Dohmke. “It is clear the next phase of AI code generation will not only be defined by multi-model functionality, but by multi-model choice.”

It starts with the web-based and VS Code Copilot Chat interfaces, but it won’t stop there. “From Copilot Workspace to multi-file editing to code review, security autofix, and the CLI, we will bring multi-model choice across many of GitHub Copilot’s surface areas and functions soon,” Dohmke wrote.

There are a handful of additional changes coming to GitHub Copilot, too, including extensions, the ability to manipulate multiple files at once from a chat with VS Code, and a preview of Xcode support.

GitHub Spark promises natural language app development

In addition to the Copilot changes, GitHub announced Spark, a natural language tool for developing apps. Non-coders will be able to use a series of natural language prompts to create simple apps, while coders will be able to tweak more precisely as they go. In either use case, you’ll be able to take a conversational approach, requesting changes and iterating as you go, and comparing different iterations.

GitHub Copilot moves beyond OpenAI models to support Claude 3.5, Gemini Read More »

tsa-silent-on-crowdstrike’s-claim-delta-skipped-required-security-update

TSA silent on CrowdStrike’s claim Delta skipped required security update


We’re all trying to find the guy who did this

CrowdStrike and Delta’s legal battle has begun. Will Microsoft be sued next?

Travelers sit with their luggage on the check-in floor of the Delta Air Lines terminal at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) on July 23, 2024 in Los Angeles, California. Credit: Mario Tama / Staff | Getty Images News

Delta and CrowdStrike have locked legal horns, threatening to drag out the aftermath of the worst IT outage in history for months or possibly years.

Each refuses to be blamed for Delta’s substantial losses following a global IT outage caused by CrowdStrike suddenly pushing a flawed security update despite Delta and many other customers turning off auto-updates.

CrowdStrike has since given customers more control over updates and made other commitments to ensure an outage of that scale will never happen again, but Delta isn’t satisfied. The airline has accused CrowdStrike of willfully causing losses by knowingly deceiving customers by failing to disclose an unauthorized door into their operating systems that enabled the outage.

In a court filing last Friday, Delta alleged that CrowdStrike should be on the hook for the airline’s more than $500 million in losses—partly because CrowdStrike has admitted that it should have done more testing and staggered deployments to catch the bug before a wide-scale rollout that disrupted businesses worldwide.

“As a result of CrowdStrike’s failure to use a staged deployment and without rollback capabilities, the Faulty Update caused widespread and catastrophic damage to millions of computers, including Delta’s systems, crashing Delta’s workstations, servers, and redundancy systems,” Delta’s complaint said.

Delta has further alleged that CrowdStrike postured as a certified best-in-class security provider who “never cuts corners” while secretly designing its software to bypass Microsoft security certifications in order to make changes at the core of Delta’s computing systems without Delta’s knowledge.

“Delta would have never agreed to such a dangerous process had CrowdStrike disclosed it,” Delta’s complaint said.

In testimony to Congress, CrowdStrike executive Adam Meyers suggested that the faulty update did follow standard protocols. He explained that “CrowdStrike’s software code is certified by Microsoft” and that it’s “updated less frequently,” and “new configurations are sent with rapid occurrence to protect against threats as they evolve,” not to bypass security checks, as Delta alleged.

But by misleading customers about these security practices, Delta alleged, CrowdStrike put “profit ahead of protection and software stability.” As Delta sees it, CrowdStrike built in the unauthorized door so that it could claim to resolve security issues more quickly than competitors. And if a court agrees that CrowdStrike’s alleged failure to follow standard industry best practices does constitute, at the very least, “gross negligence,” Delta could win.

“While we aimed to reach a business resolution that puts customers first, Delta has chosen a different path,” CrowdStrike’s spokesperson told Ars. “Delta’s claims are based on disproven misinformation, demonstrate a lack of understanding of how modern cybersecurity works, and reflect a desperate attempt to shift blame for its slow recovery away from its failure to modernize its antiquated IT infrastructure. We have filed for a declaratory judgment to make it clear that CrowdStrike did not cause the harm that Delta claims and they repeatedly refused assistance from both CrowdStrike and Microsoft. Any claims of gross negligence and willful misconduct have no basis in fact.”

CrowdStrike sues to expose Delta’s IT flaws

In its court filing, however, CrowdStrike said there’s much more to the story than that. It has accused Delta of failing to follow laws, including best practices established by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA).

While many CrowdStrike customers got systems back up and running within a day of the outage, Delta’s issues stretched painfully for five days, disrupting travel for a million customers. According to CrowdStrike, the prolonged delay at Delta was not due to CrowdStrike failing to provide adequate assistance but allegedly to Delta’s own negligence to comply with TSA requirements designed to ensure that no major airline ever experiences prolonged system outages.

“Despite the immediate response from CrowdStrike, it was Delta’s own response and IT infrastructure that caused delays in Delta’s ability to resume normal operation, resulting in a longer recovery period than other major airlines,” CrowdStrike’s complaint said.

In March 2023, the TSA added a cybersecurity emergency amendment to its cybersecurity programs. The amendment required airlines like Delta to develop “policies and controls to ensure that operational technology systems can continue to safely operate in the event that an information technology system has been compromised,” CrowdStrike’s complaint said.

Complying with the amendment ensured that airlines could “timely” respond to any exploitation of their cybersecurity or operating systems, CrowdStrike explained.

CrowdStrike realized that Delta was allegedly non-compliant with the TSA requirement and other laws when its “efforts to help remediate the issues revealed” alleged “technological shortcomings and failures to follow security best practices, including outdated IT systems, issues in Delta’s active directory environment, and thousands of compromised passwords.”

TSA declined Ars’ request to comment on whether it has any checks in place to ensure compliance with the emergency amendment.

While TSA has made no indication so far that it intends to investigate CrowdStrike’s claims, the Department of Transportation (DOT) is currently investigating Delta’s seemingly inferior customer service during the outage. That probe could lead to monetary fines, potentially further expanding Delta’s losses.

In a statement, DOT Secretary Pete Buttigieg said, “We have made clear to Delta that they must take care of their passengers and honor their customer service commitments. This is not just the right thing to do, it’s the law, and our department will leverage the full extent of our investigative and enforcement power to ensure the rights of Delta’s passengers are upheld.”

On X (formerly Twitter), Buttigieg said that the probe was sparked after DOT received hundreds of complaints about Delta’s response. A few days later, Buttigieg confirmed that the probe would “ensure the airline is following the law and taking care of its passengers during continued widespread disruptions.” But DOT declined Ars’ request to comment on whether DOT was investigating Delta’s alleged non-compliance with TSA security requirements, only noting that “TSA is not part of DOT.”

Will Microsoft be sued next?

Delta has been threatening legal action over the CrowdStrike outage since August, when Delta confirmed in an SEC filing that the outage caused “approximately 7,000 flight cancellations over five days.” At that time, Delta CEO Ed Bastian announced, “We are pursuing legal claims against CrowdStrike and Microsoft to recover damages caused by the outage, which total at least $500 million.”

But Delta’s lawsuit Friday notably does not name Microsoft as a defendant.

Ars could not immediately reach Delta’s lawyer, David Boies, to confirm if another lawsuit may be coming or if that legal threat to Microsoft was dropped.

It could be that Microsoft dissuaded Delta from filing a complaint. Immediately in August, Microsoft bucked Delta’s claims that the tech giant was in any way liable for Delta’s losses, The Register reported. In a letter to Boies, Microsoft lawyer Mark Cheffo wrote that Microsoft “empathizes” with Delta, but Delta’s public comments blaming Microsoft for the outage are “incomplete, false, misleading, and damaging to Microsoft and its reputation.”

“The truth is very different from the false picture you and Delta have sought to paint,” Cheffo wrote, noting that Microsoft did not cause the outage and Delta repeatedly turned down Microsoft’s offers to help restore its systems. That includes one instance where a Delta employee allegedly responded to a Microsoft inquiry three days after the outage by saying that Delta was “all good.” Additionally, a message from Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella to Delta’s Bastian allegedly went unanswered.

Cheffo alleged that Delta was cagey about accepting Microsoft’s help because “the IT system it was most having trouble restoring—its crew-tracking and scheduling system—was being serviced by other technology providers, such as IBM, because it runs on those providers’ systems, and not Microsoft Windows or Azure.”

According to Cheffo, Microsoft was “surprised” when Delta threatened to sue since the issues seemed to be with Delta’s IT infrastructure, not Microsoft’s services.

“Microsoft continues to investigate the circumstances surrounding the CrowdStrike incident to understand why other airlines were able to fully restore business operations so much faster than Delta, including American Airlines and United Airlines,” Cheffo wrote. “Our preliminary review suggests that Delta, unlike its competitors, apparently has not modernized its IT infrastructure, either for the benefit of its customers or for its pilots and flight attendants.”

At that time, Cheffo told Boies that Microsoft planned to “vigorously defend” against any litigation. Additionally, Microsoft’s lawyer demanded that Delta preserve documents, including ones showing “the extent to which non-Microsoft systems or software, including systems provided and/or designed by IBM, Oracle, Amazon Web Services, Kyndryl or others, and systems using other operating systems, such as Linux, contributed to the interruption of Delta’s business operations between July 19 and July 24.”

It seems possible that Cheffo’s letter spooked Delta out of naming Microsoft as a defendant in the lawsuit over the outage, potentially to avoid a well-resourced opponent or to save public face if Microsoft’s proposed discovery threatened to further expose Delta’s allegedly flawed IT infrastructure.

Microsoft declined Ars’ request to comment.

CrowdStrike says TOS severely limits damages

CrowdStrike appears to be echoing Microsoft’s defense tactics, arguing that Delta struggled to recover due to its own IT failures.

According to CrowdStrike, even if Delta’s breach of contract claims are valid, CrowdStrike’s terms of service severely limit damages. At most, CrowdStrike’s terms stipulate, damages owed to Delta may be “two times the value of the fees paid to service provider for the relevant subscription services subscription term,” which is likely substantially less than $500 million.

And Delta wants much more than lost revenue returned. Beyond the $500 million in losses, the airline has asked a Georgia court to calculate punitive damages and recoup Delta for future revenue losses as its reputation took a hit due to public backlash from Delta’s lackluster response to the outage.

“CrowdStrike must ‘own’ the disaster it created,” Delta’s complaint said, alleging that “CrowdStrike failed to exercise the slight diligence or care of the degree that persons of common sense, however inattentive they may be, would use under the same or similar circumstances.”

CrowdStrike is hoping a US district court jury will agree that Delta was the one that dropped the ball the most as the world scrambled to recover from the outage. The cybersecurity company has asked the jury to declare that any potential damages are limited by CrowdStrike’s subscriber terms and that “CrowdStrike was not grossly negligent and did not commit willful misconduct in any way.”

This story was updated to include CrowdStrike’s statement.

Photo of Ashley Belanger

Ashley is a senior policy reporter for Ars Technica, dedicated to tracking social impacts of emerging policies and new technologies. She is a Chicago-based journalist with 20 years of experience.

TSA silent on CrowdStrike’s claim Delta skipped required security update Read More »

google-accused-of-shadow-campaigns-redirecting-antitrust-scrutiny-to-microsoft

Google accused of shadow campaigns redirecting antitrust scrutiny to Microsoft

On Monday, Microsoft came out guns blazing, posting a blog accusing Google of “dishonestly” funding groups conducting allegedly biased studies to discredit Microsoft and mislead antitrust enforcers and the public.

In the blog, Microsoft lawyer Rima Alaily alleged that an astroturf group called the Open Cloud Coalition will launch this week and will appear to be led by “a handful of European cloud providers.” In actuality, however, those smaller companies were secretly recruited by Google, which allegedly pays them “to serve as the public face” and “obfuscate” Google’s involvement, Microsoft’s blog said. In return, Google likely offered the cloud providers cash or discounts to join, Alaily alleged.

The Open Cloud Coalition is just one part of a “pattern of shadowy campaigns” that Google has funded, both “directly and indirectly,” to muddy the antitrust waters, Alaily alleged. The only other named example that Alaily gives while documenting this supposed pattern is the US-based Coalition for Fair Software Licensing (CFSL), which Alaily said has attacked Microsoft’s cloud computing business in the US, the United Kingdom, and the European Union.

That group is led by Ryan Triplette, who Alaily said is “a well-known lobbyist for Google in Washington, DC, but Google’s affiliation isn’t disclosed publicly by the organization.” An online search confirms Triplette was formerly a lobbyist for Franklin Square Group, which Politico reported represented Google during her time there.

Ars could not immediately reach the CFSL for comment. Google’s spokesperson told Ars that the company has “been a public supporter of CFSL for more than two years” and has “no idea what evidence Microsoft cites that we are the main funder of CFSL.” If Triplette was previously a lobbyist for Google, the spokesperson said, “that’s a weird criticism to make” since it’s likely “everybody in law, policy, etc.,” has “worked for Google, Microsoft, or Amazon at some point, in some capacity.”

Google accused of shadow campaigns redirecting antitrust scrutiny to Microsoft Read More »

google,-microsoft,-and-perplexity-promote-scientific-racism-in-ai-search-results

Google, Microsoft, and Perplexity promote scientific racism in AI search results


AI-powered search engines are surfacing deeply racist, debunked research.

Literal Nazis

LOS ANGELES, CA – APRIL 17: Members of the National Socialist Movement (NSM) salute during a rally on near City Hall on April 17, 2010 in Los Angeles, California. Credit: David McNew via Getty

AI-infused search engines from Google, Microsoft, and Perplexity have been surfacing deeply racist and widely debunked research promoting race science and the idea that white people are genetically superior to nonwhite people.

Patrik Hermansson, a researcher with UK-based anti-racism group Hope Not Hate, was in the middle of a monthslong investigation into the resurgent race science movement when he needed to find out more information about a debunked dataset that claims IQ scores can be used to prove the superiority of the white race.

He was investigating the Human Diversity Foundation, a race science company funded by Andrew Conru, the US tech billionaire who founded Adult Friend Finder. The group, founded in 2022, was the successor to the Pioneer Fund, a group founded by US Nazi sympathizers in 1937 with the aim of promoting “race betterment” and “race realism.”

Wired logo

Hermansson logged in to Google and began looking up results for the IQs of different nations. When he typed in “Pakistan IQ,” rather than getting a typical list of links, Hermansson was presented with Google’s AI-powered Overviews tool, which, confusingly to him, was on by default. It gave him a definitive answer of 80.

When he typed in “Sierra Leone IQ,” Google’s AI tool was even more specific: 45.07. The result for “Kenya IQ” was equally exact: 75.2.

Hermansson immediately recognized the numbers being fed back to him. They were being taken directly from the very study he was trying to debunk, published by one of the leaders of the movement that he was working to expose.

The results Google was serving up came from a dataset published by Richard Lynn, a University of Ulster professor who died in 2023 and was president of the Pioneer Fund for two decades.

“His influence was massive. He was the superstar and the guiding light of that movement up until his death. Almost to the very end of his life, he was a core leader of it,” Hermansson says.

A WIRED investigation confirmed Hermanssons’s findings and discovered that other AI-infused search engines—Microsoft’s Copilot and Perplexity—are also referencing Lynn’s work when queried about IQ scores in various countries. While Lynn’s flawed research has long been used by far-right extremists, white supremacists, and proponents of eugenics as evidence that the white race is superior genetically and intellectually from nonwhite races, experts now worry that its promotion through AI could help radicalize others.

“Unquestioning use of these ‘statistics’ is deeply problematic,” Rebecca Sear, director of the Center for Culture and Evolution at Brunel University London, tells WIRED. “Use of these data therefore not only spreads disinformation but also helps the political project of scientific racism—the misuse of science to promote the idea that racial hierarchies and inequalities are natural and inevitable.”

To back up her claim, Sear pointed out that Lynn’s research was cited by the white supremacist who committed the mass shooting in Buffalo, New York, in 2022.

Google’s AI Overviews were launched earlier this year as part of the company’s effort to revamp its all-powerful search tool for an online world being reshaped by artificial intelligence. For some search queries, the tool, which is only available in certain countries right now, gives an AI-generated summary of its findings. The tool pulls the information from the Internet and gives users the answers to queries without needing to click on a link.

The AI Overview answer does not always immediately say where the information is coming from, but after complaints from people about how it showed no articles, Google now puts the title for one of the links to the right of the AI summary. AI Overviews have already run into a number of issues since launching in May, forcing Google to admit it had botched the heavily hyped rollout. AI Overviews is turned on by default for search results and can’t be removed without resorting to installing third-party extensions. (“I haven’t enabled it, but it was enabled,” Hermansson, the researcher, tells WIRED. “I don’t know how that happened.”)

In the case of the IQ results, Google referred to a variety of sources, including posts on X, Facebook, and a number of obscure listicle websites, including World Population Review. In nearly all of these cases, when you click through to the source, the trail leads back to Lynn’s infamous dataset. (In some cases, while the exact numbers Lynn published are referenced, the websites do not cite Lynn as the source.)

When querying Google’s Gemini AI chatbot directly using the same terms, it provided a much more nuanced response. “It’s important to approach discussions about national IQ scores with caution,” read text that the chatbot generated in response to the query “Pakistan IQ.” The text continued: “IQ tests are designed primarily for Western cultures and can be biased against individuals from different backgrounds.”

Google tells WIRED that its systems weren’t working as intended in this case and that it is looking at ways it can improve.

“We have guardrails and policies in place to protect against low quality responses, and when we find Overviews that don’t align with our policies, we quickly take action against them,” Ned Adriance, a Google spokesperson, tells WIRED. “These Overviews violated our policies and have been removed. Our goal is for AI Overviews to provide links to high quality content so that people can click through to learn more, but for some queries there may not be a lot of high quality web content available.”

While WIRED’s tests suggest AI Overviews have now been switched off for queries about national IQs, the results still amplify the incorrect figures from Lynn’s work in what’s called a “featured snippet,” which displays some of the text from a website before the link.

Google did not respond to a question about this update.

But it’s not just Google promoting these dangerous theories. When WIRED put the same query to other AI-powered online search services, we found similar results.

Perplexity, an AI search company that has been found to make things up out of thin air, responded to a query about “Pakistan IQ” by stating that “the average IQ in Pakistan has been reported to vary significantly depending on the source.”

It then lists a number of sources, including a Reddit thread that relied on Lynn’s research and the same World Population Review site that Google’s AI Overview referenced. When asked for Sierra Leone’s IQ, Perplexity directly cited Lynn’s figure: “Sierra Leone’s average IQ is reported to be 45.07, ranking it among the lowest globally.”

Perplexity did not respond to a request for comment.

Microsoft’s Copilot chatbot, which is integrated into its Bing search engine, generated confident text—“The average IQ in Pakistan is reported to be around 80”—citing a website called IQ International, which does not reference its sources. When asked for “Sierra Leone IQ,” Copilot’s response said it was 91. The source linked in the results was a website called Brainstats.com, which references Lynn’s work. Copilot also referenced Brainstats.com work when queried about IQ in Kenya.

“Copilot answers questions by distilling information from multiple web sources into a single response,” Caitlin Roulston, a Microsoft spokesperson, tells WIRED. “Copilot provides linked citations so the user can further explore and research as they would with traditional search.”

Google added that part of the problem it faces in generating AI Overviews is that, for some very specific queries, there’s an absence of high quality information on the web—and there’s little doubt that Lynn’s work is not of high quality.

“The science underlying Lynn’s database of ‘national IQs’ is of such poor quality that it is difficult to believe the database is anything but fraudulent,” Sear said. “Lynn has never described his methodology for selecting samples into the database; many nations have IQs estimated from absurdly small and unrepresentative samples.”

Sear points to Lynn’s estimation of the IQ of Angola being based on information from just 19 people and that of Eritrea being based on samples of children living in orphanages.

“The problem with it is that the data Lynn used to generate this dataset is just bullshit, and it’s bullshit in multiple dimensions,” Rutherford said, pointing out that the Somali figure in Lynn’s dataset is based on one sample of refugees aged between 8 and 18 who were tested in a Kenyan refugee camp. He adds that the Botswana score is based on a single sample of 104 Tswana-speaking high school students aged between 7 and 20 who were tested in English.

Critics of the use of national IQ tests to promote the idea of racial superiority point out not only that the quality of the samples being collected is weak, but also that the tests themselves are typically designed for Western audiences, and so are biased before they are even administered.

“There is evidence that Lynn systematically biased the database by preferentially including samples with low IQs, while excluding those with higher IQs for African nations,” Sear added, a conclusion backed up by a preprint study from 2020.

Lynn published various versions of his national IQ dataset over the course of decades, the most recent of which, called “The Intelligence of Nations,” was published in 2019. Over the years, Lynn’s flawed work has been used by far-right and racist groups as evidence to back up claims of white superiority. The data has also been turned into a color-coded map of the world, showing sub-Saharan African countries with purportedly low IQ colored red compared to the Western nations, which are colored blue.

“This is a data visualization that you see all over [X, formerly known as Twitter], all over social media—and if you spend a lot of time in racist hangouts on the web, you just see this as an argument by racists who say, ‘Look at the data. Look at the map,’” Rutherford says.

But the blame, Rutherford believes, does not lie with the AI systems alone, but also with a scientific community that has been uncritically citing Lynn’s work for years.

“It’s actually not surprising [that AI systems are quoting it] because Lynn’s work in IQ has been accepted pretty unquestioningly from a huge area of academia, and if you look at the number of times his national IQ databases have been cited in academic works, it’s in the hundreds,” Rutherford said. “So the fault isn’t with AI. The fault is with academia.”

This story originally appeared on wired.com

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What I learned from 3 years of running Windows 11 on “unsupported” PCs


where we’re going, we don’t need support

When your old PC goes over the Windows 10 update cliff, can Windows 11 save it?

Credit: Andrew Cunningham

Credit: Andrew Cunningham

The Windows 10 update cliff is coming in October 2025. We’ve explained why that’s a big deal, and we have a comprehensive guide to updating to Windows 11 (recently updated to account for changes in Windows 11 24H2) so you can keep getting security updates, whether you’re on an officially supported PC or not.

But this is more than just a theoretical exercise; I’ve been using Windows 11 on some kind of “unsupported” system practically since it launched to stay abreast of what the experience is actually like and to keep tabs on whether Microsoft would make good on its threats to pull support from these systems at any time.

Now that we’re three years in, and since I’ve been using Windows 11 24H2 on a 2012-era desktop and laptop as my primary work machines on and off for a few months now, I can paint a pretty complete picture of what Windows 11 is like on these PCs. As the Windows 10 update cliff approaches, it’s worth asking: Is running “unsupported” Windows 11 a good way to keep an older but still functional machine running, especially for non-technical users?

My hardware

I’ve run Windows 11 on a fair amount of old hardware, including PCs as old as a late XP-era Core 2 Duo Dell Inspiron desktop. For the first couple of years, I ran it most commonly on an old Dell XPS 13 9333 with a Core i5-4250U and 8GB of RAM and a Dell Latitude 3379 2-in-1 that just barely falls short of the official requirements (both systems are also pressed into service for ChromeOS Flex testing periodically).

But I’ve been running the 24H2 update as my main work OS on two machines. The first is a Dell Optiplex 3010 desktop with a 3rd-generation Core i5-3xxx CPU, which had been my mother’s main desktop until I upgraded it a year or so ago. The second is a Lenovo ThinkPad X230 with a i5-3320M inside, a little brick of a machine that I picked up for next to nothing on Goodwill’s online auction site.

Credit: Andrew Cunningham

Both systems, and the desktop in particular, have been upgraded quite a bit; the laptop has 8GB of RAM while the desktop has 16GB, both are running SATA SSDs, and the desktop has a low-profile AMD Radeon Pro WX2100 in it, a cheap way to get support for running multiple 4K monitors. The desktop also has USB Wi-Fi and Bluetooth dongles and an internal expansion card that provides a pair of USB 3.0 Type-A ports and a single USB-C port. Systems of this vintage are pretty easy to refurbish since components are old enough that they’ve gone way down in price but not so old that they’ve become rare collectors’ items. It’s another way to get a usable computer for $100—or for free if you know where to look.

And these systems were meant to be maintained and upgraded. It’s one of the beautiful things about a standardized PC platform, though these days we’ve given a lot of that flexibility up in favor of smaller, thinner devices and larger batteries. It is possible to upgrade and refurbish these 12-year-old computers to the point that they run modern operating systems well because they were designed to leave room for that possibility.

But no matter how much you upgrade any of these PCs or how well you maintain them, they will never meet Windows 11’s official requirements. That’s the problem.

Using it feels pretty normal

Once it’s installed, Windows 11 is mostly Windows 11, whether your PC is officially supported or not. Credit: Andrew Cunningham

Depending on how you do it, it can be a minor pain to get Windows 11 up and running on a computer that doesn’t natively support it. But once the OS is installed, Microsoft’s early warnings about instability and the possible ending of updates have proven to be mostly unfounded.

A Windows 11 PC will still grab all of the same drivers from Windows Update as a Windows 10 PC would, and any post-Vista drivers have at least a chance of working in Windows 11 as long as they’re 64-bit. But Windows 10 was widely supported on hardware going back to the turn of the 2010s. If it shipped with Windows 8 or even Windows 7, your hardware should mostly work, give or take the occasional edge case. I’ve yet to have a catastrophic crash or software failure on any of the systems I’m using, and they’re all from the 2012–2016 era.

Once Windows 11 is installed, routine software updates and app updates from the Microsoft Store are downloaded and installed on my “unsupported” systems the same way they are on my “supported” ones. You don’t have to think about how you’re running an unsupported operating system; Windows remains Windows. That’s the big takeaway here—if you’re happy with the performance of your unsupported PC under Windows 10, nothing about the way Windows 11 runs will give you problems.

…Until you want to install a big update

There’s one exception for the PCs I’ve had running unsupported Windows 11 installs in the long term: They don’t want to automatically download and install the yearly feature updates for Windows. So a 22H2 install will keep downloading and installing updates for as long as they’re offered, but it won’t offer to update itself to versions 23H2 or 24H2.

This behavior may be targeted specifically at unsupported PCs, or it may just be a byproduct of how Microsoft rolls out these yearly updates (if you have a supported system with a known hardware or driver issue, for example, Microsoft will withhold these updates until the issues are resolved). Either way, it’s an irritating thing to have to deal with every year or every other year—Microsoft supports most of its annual updates for two years after they’re released to the public. So 23H2 and 24H2 are currently supported, while 22H2 and 21H2 (the first release of Windows 11) are at the end of the line.

This essentially means you’ll need to repeat the steps for doing a new unsupported Windows 11 install every time you want to upgrade. As we detail in our guide, that’s relatively simple if your PC has Secure Boot and a TPM but doesn’t have a supported processor. Make a simple registry tweak, download the Installation Assistant or an ISO file to run Setup from, and the Windows 11 installer will let you off with a warning and then proceed normally, leaving your files and apps in place.

Without Secure Boot or a TPM, though, installing these upgrades in place is more difficult. Trying to run an upgrade install from within Windows just means the system will yell at you about the things your PC is missing. Booting from a USB drive that has been doctored to overlook the requirements will help you do a clean install, but it will delete all your existing files and apps.

If you’re running into this problem and still want to try an upgrade install, there’s one more workaround you can try.

  1. Download an ISO for the version of Windows 11 you want to install, and then either make a USB install drive or simply mount the ISO file in Windows by double-clicking it.
  2. Open a Command Prompt window as Administrator and navigate to whatever drive letter the Windows install media is using. Usually that will be D: or E:, depending on what drives you have installed in your system; type the drive letter and colon into the command prompt window and press Enter.
  3. Type setup.exe /product server

You’ll notice that the subsequent setup screens all say they’re “installing Windows Server” rather than the regular version of Windows, but that’s not actually true—the Windows image that comes with these ISO files is still regular old Windows 11, and that’s what the installer is using to upgrade your system. It’s just running a Windows Server-branded version of the installer that apparently isn’t making the same stringent hardware checks that the normal Windows 11 installer is.

This workaround allowed me to do an in-place upgrade of Windows 11 24H2 onto a Windows 10 22H2 PC with no TPM enabled. It should also work for upgrading an older version of Windows 11 to 24H2.

Older PCs are still very useful!

This 2012-era desktop can be outfitted with 16 GB of memory and a GPU that can drive multiple 4K displays, things that wouldn’t have been common when it was manufactured. But no matter how much you upgrade it, Windows 11 will never officially support it. Credit: Andrew Cunningham

Having to go out of your way to keep Windows 11 up to date on an unsupported PC is a fairly major pain. But unless your hardware is exceptionally wretched (I wouldn’t recommend trying to get by with less than 4GB of RAM at an absolute bare minimum, or with a spinning hard drive, or with an aging low-end N-series Pentium or Celeron chip), you’ll find that decade-old laptops and desktops can still hold up pretty well when you’re sticking to light or medium-sized workloads.

I haven’t found this surprising. Major high-end CPU performance improvements have come in fits and starts over the last decade, and today’s (Windows 11-supported) barebones bargain basement Intel N100 PCs perform a lot like decade-old mainstream quad-core desktop processors.

With its RAM and GPU updates, my Optiplex 3010 and its Core i5 worked pretty well with my normal dual-4K desktop monitor setup (it couldn’t drive my Gigabyte M28U at higher than 60 Hz, but that’s a GPU limitation). Yes, I could feel the difference between an aging Core i5-3475S and the Core i7-12700 in my regular Windows desktop, and it didn’t take much at all for CPU usage to spike to 100 percent and stay there, always a sign that your CPU is holding you back. But once apps were loaded, they felt responsive, and I had absolutely no issues writing, recording and editing audio, and working in Affinity Photo on the odd image or two.

I wouldn’t recommend using this system to play games, nor would I recommend overpaying for a brand-new GPU to pair with an older quad-core CPU like this one (I chose the GPU I did specifically for its display outputs, not its gaming prowess). If you wanted to, you could still probably get respectable midrange gaming performance out of a 4th-, 6th-, or 7th-gen Intel Core i5 or i7 or a first-generation AMD Ryzen CPU paired with a GeForce RTX 4060 or 3060, or a Radeon RX 7600. Resist the urge to overspend, consider used cards as a way to keep costs down, and check your power supply before you install anything—the years-old 300 W power supply in a cheap Dell office desktop will need to be replaced before you can use it with any GPU that has an external power connector.

My experience with the old Goodwill-sourced ThinkPad was also mostly pretty good. It had both Secure Boot and a TPM, making installation and upgrades easier. The old fingerprint sensor (a slow and finicky swipe-to-scan sensor) and its 2013-era driver even support Windows Hello. I certainly minded the cramped, low-resolution screen—display quality and screen-to-bezel ratio being the most noticeable changes between a 12-year-old system and a modern one—but it worked reliably with a new battery in it. It even helped me focus a bit at work; a 1366×768 screen just doesn’t invite heavy multitasking.

But the mid-2010s are a dividing line, and new laptops are better than old laptops

That brings me to my biggest word of warning.

If you want to run Windows 11 on an older desktop, one where the computer is just a box that you plug stuff into, the age of the hardware isn’t all that much of a concern. Upgrading components is easier whether you’re talking about a filthy keyboard, a failing monitor, or a stick of RAM. And you don’t need to be concerned as much with power use or battery life.

But for laptops? Let me tell you, there are things about using a laptop from 2012 that you don’t want to remember.

Three important dividing lines: In 2013, Intel’s 4th-generation Haswell processors gave huge battery life boosts to laptops thanks to lower power use when idle and the ability to switch more quickly between active and idle states. In 2015, Dell introduced the first with a slim-bezeled design (though it would be some years before it would fix the bottom-mounted up-your-nose webcam), which is probably the single most influential laptop design change since the MacBook Air. And around the same time (though it’s hard to pinpoint an exact date), more laptops began adopting Microsoft’s Precision Touchpad specification rather than using finicky, inconsistent third-party drivers, making PC laptop touchpads considerably less annoying than they had been up until that point.

And those aren’t the only niceties that have become standard or near-standard on midrange and high-end laptops these days. We also have high-resolution, high-density displays; the adoption of taller screen aspect ratios like 16: 10 and 3:2, giving us more vertical screen space to use; USB-C charging, replacing the need for proprietary power bricks; and backlit keyboards!

The ThinkPad X230 I bought doesn’t have a backlit keyboard, but it does have a bizarre little booklight next to the webcam that shines down onto the keyboard to illuminate it. This is sort of neat if you’re already the kind of person inclined to describe janky old laptops as “neat,” but it’s not as practical.

Even if you set aside degraded, swollen, or otherwise broken batteries and the extra wear and tear that comes with portability, a laptop from the last three or four years will have a ton of useful upgrades and amenities aside from extra speed. That’s not to say that older laptops can’t be useful because they obviously can be. But it’s also a place where an upgrade can make a bigger difference than just getting you Windows 11 support.

Some security concerns

Some old PCs will never meet Windows 11’s more stringent security requirements, and PC makers often stop updating their systems long before Microsoft drops support. Credit: Andrew Cunningham

Windows 11’s system requirements were controversial in part because they were focused mostly on previously obscure security features like TPM 2.0 modules, hypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI), and mode-based execution control (MBEC). A TPM module makes it possible to seamlessly encrypt your PC’s local storage, among other things, while HVCI helps to isolate data in memory from the rest of the operating system to make it harder for malicious software to steal things (MBEC is just a CPU technology that speeds up HVCI, which can come with a hefty performance penalty on older systems).

Aside from those specific security features, there are other concerns when using old PCs, some of the same ones we’ve discussed in macOS as Apple has wound down support for Intel Macs. Microsoft’s patches can protect against software security vulnerabilities in Windows, and they can provide some partial mitigations for firmware-based vulnerabilities since even fully patched and fully supported systems won’t always have all the latest BIOS fixes installed.

But software can’t patch everything, and even the best-supported laptops with 5th- or 6th-generation Core CPUs in them will be a year or two past the days when they could expect new BIOS updates or driver fixes.

The PC companies and motherboard makers make some of these determinations; cheap consumer laptops tend to get less firmware and software support regardless of whether Intel or AMD are fixing problems on their ends. But Intel (for example) stops supporting its CPUs altogether after seven or eight years (support ended for 7th-generation CPUs in March). For any vulnerabilities discovered after that, you’re on your own, or you have to trust in software-based mitigations.

I don’t want to overplay the severity or the riskiness of these kinds of security vulnerabilities. Lots of firmware-level security bugs are the kinds of things that are exploited by sophisticated hackers targeting corporate or government systems—not necessarily everyday people who are just using an old laptop to check their email or do their banking. If you’re using good everyday security hygiene otherwise—using strong passwords or passkeys, two-factor authentication, and disk encryption (all things you should already be doing in Windows 10)—an old PC will still be reasonably safe and secure.

A viable, if imperfect, option for keeping an old PC alive

If you have a Windows 10 PC that is still working well or that you can easily upgrade to give it a new lease on life, and you don’t want to pay whatever Microsoft is planning to charge for continued Windows 10 update support, installing Windows 11 may be the path of least resistance for you despite the installation and update hurdles.

Especially for PCs that only miss the Windows 11 support cutoff by a year or two, you’ll get an operating system that still runs reasonably well on your PC, should still support all of your hardware, and will continue to run the software you’re comfortable with. Yes, the installation process for Windows’ annual feature updates is more annoying than it should be. But if you’re just trying to squeeze a handful of years out of an older PC, it might not be an issue you have to deal with very often. And though Windows 11 is different from Windows 10, it doesn’t come with the same learning curve that switching to an alternate operating system like ChromeOS Flex or Linux would.

Eventually, these PCs will age out of circulation, and the point will be moot. But even three years into Windows 11’s life cycle, I can’t help but feel that the system requirements could stand to be relaxed a bit. That ship sailed a long time ago, but given how many PCs are still running Windows 10 less than a year from the end of guaranteed security updates, expanding compatibility is a move Microsoft could consider to close the adoption gap and bring more PCs along.

Even if that doesn’t happen, try running Windows 11 on an older but still functional PC sometime. Once you clean it up a bit to rein in some of modern Microsoft’s worst design impulses, I think you’ll be pleasantly surprised.

Photo of Andrew Cunningham

Andrew is a Senior Technology Reporter at Ars Technica, with a focus on consumer tech including computer hardware and in-depth reviews of operating systems like Windows and macOS. Andrew lives in Philadelphia and co-hosts a weekly book podcast called Overdue.

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OpenAI releases ChatGPT app for Windows

On Thursday, OpenAI released an early Windows version of its first ChatGPT app for Windows, following a Mac version that launched in May. Currently, it’s only available to subscribers of Plus, Team, Enterprise, and Edu versions of ChatGPT, and users can download it for free in the Microsoft Store for Windows.

OpenAI is positioning the release as a beta test. “This is an early version, and we plan to bring the full experience to all users later this year,” OpenAI writes on the Microsoft Store entry for the app. (Interestingly, ChatGPT shows up as being rated “T for Teen” by the ESRB in the Windows store, despite not being a video game.)

A screenshot of the new Windows ChatGPT app captured on October 18, 2024.

A screenshot of the new Windows ChatGPT app captured on October 18, 2024.

Credit: Benj Edwards

A screenshot of the new Windows ChatGPT app captured on October 18, 2024. Credit: Benj Edwards

Upon opening the app, OpenAI requires users to log into a paying ChatGPT account, and from there, the app is basically identical to the web browser version of ChatGPT. You can currently use it to access several models: GPT-4o, GPT-4o with Canvas, 01-preview, 01-mini, GPT-4o mini, and GPT-4. Also, it can generate images using DALL-E 3 or analyze uploaded files and images.

If you’re running Windows 11, you can instantly call up a small ChatGPT window when the app is open using an Alt+Space shortcut (it did not work in Windows 10 when we tried). That could be handy for asking ChatGPT a quick question at any time.

A screenshot of the new Windows ChatGPT app listing in the Microsoft Store captured on October 18, 2024.

Credit: Benj Edwards

A screenshot of the new Windows ChatGPT app listing in the Microsoft Store captured on October 18, 2024. Credit: Benj Edwards

And just like the web version, all the AI processing takes place in the cloud on OpenAI’s servers, which means an Internet connection is required.

So as usual, chat like somebody’s watching, and don’t rely on ChatGPT as a factual reference for important decisions—GPT-4o in particular is great at telling you what you want to hear, whether it’s correct or not. As OpenAI says in a small disclaimer at the bottom of the app window: “ChatGPT can make mistakes.”

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