F1

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F1 cars in 2026 will be smaller, safer, more nimble, more sustainable

Cars, F1, Formula 1 / /
A render of a 2026 F1 car

Enlarge / For 2026, F1 cars are going on a little bit of a diet.

Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile

Earlier today, the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile laid out the direction for Formula 1’s next set of technical regulations, which will go into effect in 2026. It will be the second big shakeup of F1’s technical regs since 2022 and involves sweeping changes to the hybrid powertrain and a fundamental rethink of how some of the aerodynamics work.

“With this set of regulations, the FIA has sought to develop a new generation of cars that are fully in touch with the DNA of Formula 1—cars that are light, supremely fast and agile but which also remains at the cutting edge of technology, and to achieve this we worked towards what we called a ‘nimble car’ concept. At the center of that vision is a redesigned power unit that features a more even split between the power derived from the internal combustion element and electrical power,” said Nikolas Tombazis, the FIA’s single-seater technical director.

Didn’t we just get new rules?

It feels like F1 only just got through its last big rule change with the (re)introduction of ground-effect cars at the start of 2022. Since the early 1980s, F1 cars have generated aerodynamic grip, or downforce, via front and rear wings. But drivers found it increasingly difficult to follow each other closely through corners as the dirty air from the car in front starved the following car’s front wing of air, robbing it of cornering grip in the process.

The 2022 rules changed this, requiring cars to use a sculpted floor that generates downforce via the venturi effect. This reduced the importance of the front wing, and indeed, the cars were able to race closely in 2022. In two years’ time, F1 cars will use less complicated floors with smaller venturis that generate a smaller ground effect, which the FIA says should mean no more having to run “ultra-stiff and low setups” to avoid the problem of porpoising.

Overall downforce is being reduced by 30 percent, but there’s an even greater reduction in drag—55 percent is the target, which is being done in part to accommodate the new hybrid powertrain.

More hybrid power

The V6 internal combustion engine is becoming less powerful, dropping to an output of 536 hp (400 kW), but the electric motor that also drives the rear wheels will now generate 470 hp (350 kW). That leaves the combined power output roughly where it is today, but only when the battery has enough charge. However, cars will be allowed to harvest twice as much energy (8.5 MJ) per lap under braking as now.

And as Ars has covered in the past, the engines will run on drop-in sustainable fuels. The new engine regulations have succeeded in tempting Honda back into the sport, as well as bringing in Ford and Audi, and possibly Cadillac in time.

Since the cars will be less powerful when they’re just running on internal combustion, more than halving the amount of drag they experience means they shouldn’t be too slow along the straights.

When F1 first introduced its original hybrid, called KERS (for kinetic energy recovery system), the electric motor boost was something the driver could use on demand. But that changed when the current powertrain rules came into effect in 2014, and it became up to the car to decide when to deploy energy from the battery to supplement the V6 motor.

In 2026, that changes again. The hybrid system is programmed to use less of the electric motor’s power as speeds pass 180 mph (270 km/h), down to zero at 220 mph (355 km/h), relying just on the V6 by then. But if a car is following within a second, the chasing driver can override that cutoff, allowing the full 470 hp from the electric motor at speeds of up to 209 mph (337 km/h), with up to half a MJ of extra energy.

F1 cars in 2026 will be smaller, safer, more nimble, more sustainable Read More »

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Here are all the F1 cars designed by the legendary Adrian Newey

Adrian Newey, Cars, F1 / /

the goat? —

No other F1 designer has penned more championship winning cars than Adrian Newey.

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Red Bull Racing Chief Technical Officer, Adrian Newey prepares to drive the Red Bull Racing RB5 up the hill during day one of The Goodwood Festival of Speed at The Goodwood Estate on July 2, 2010 in Chichester, England.

Enlarge / When you’re a legendary F1 designer like Adrian Newey, it’s easy to persuade the team to let you have a go in one of your own creations.

Andrew Hone/Getty Images for Red Bull

In Formula 1, the car isn’t quite everything, but ultimately, how well the team’s designers did their job creating a racing car is a more important factor in a team’s success on track than how good their drivers are. It’s not that F1 drivers don’t matter, but even the best driver on the grid will struggle to earn points if they’re not in a competitive car.

One designer has been responsible for creating competitive cars more than any other, penning 12 championship-winning cars in 32 years. His name is Adrian Newey, and this week, we discovered he’s looking for a new job.

As in other sports, F1’s “silly season” is what they call that time period when contracts are up and people are switching to new teams; it’s named as such because it’s what happens when there’s no real news to report but you need a story anyway.

This year, the silly season got underway well before the first of the year, and it’s been sillier than most. First, Andretti Cadillac got snubbed by the sport—because an email went to a spam folder—then seven-time World Champion Lewis Hamilton announced he was leaving longtime home Mercedes, for Ferrari. Just as everything started to calm down, the Red Bull team started to look a little… implodey as Red Bull team boss Christian Horner was accused of inappropriate behavior by a female employee.

At the time, rumors circulated that Red Bull’s superstar Max Verstappen could try to use the Horner scandal as a way to leave the team. That didn’t happen, but something just as consequential did—it precipitated the departure of Newey. The superstar designer will finish the Red Bull RB17 hypercar project before departing the team early in 2025.

“Ever since I was a young boy, I wanted to be a designer of fast cars. My dream was to be an engineer in Formula 1, and I’ve been lucky enough to make that dream a reality,” Newey said in a statement. His autobiography, which tells the story of how he made that happen, is worth a read, but today we’ve put together some galleries of Newey’s various creations—an illustrated history of his career as the world’s most successful race car designer.

The early years

Newey’s first racing cars weren’t F1 machines. He started work at the race car builder March, and after working as a race engineer in IndyCar and then F2 for March customers, he designed the March 82G, aka the Lobster Claw, which raced in IMSA’s GTP category. He then penned the 1985 Indy 500-winning March 85C, then its successor in 1986, before leaving March for a couple of years, then returning to design his first F1 car for the small F1 team Leyton House in 1988. Newey designed Leyton House’s cars for March until 1990 when he moved to Williams as chief designer.

  • Newey worked as race engineer for Keke Rosberg’s Fittipaldi F8 before moving to March to design cars.

    Bernard Cahier/Getty Images)

  • You can see why the March 82G earned the nickname Lobster Claw, seen here racing in Miami in 1983.

    Brian Cleary/Getty Images

  • Newey is known for his F1 accolades, but winning the Indy 500 with his first IndyCar (the March 85G) is nothing to sneeze at either.

    Focus on Sport via Getty Images

  • Newey’s first F1 chassis, the March 881.

    Pascal Rondeau/Allsport/Getty Images

  • Ivan Capelli of Italy drives the #16 Leyton House Racing March CG891 Judd V8 during the Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix on 22 October 1989 at the Suzuka Circuit in Suzuka City, Japan.

    Pascal Rondeau/Getty Images

  • Mechanics assemble the Adrian Newey designed Leyton House CG901Judd V8 on 1st June 1990 at the Leyton House Formula One Racing Team in Bicester, Great Britain.

    Photo by Pascal Rondeau/Getty Images

The Williams years

Williams was a much more competitive team then than now, and Newey’s FW14 turned out to be one of the most successful F1 cars, notching up seven wins in 1991 and 10 wins in 1992, earning Nigel Mansell the championship in the process. 1993 saw Alain Prost take the crown with the Newey-designed FW15C, then Damon Hill became champion in 1996 with the FW18, followed by Jacques Villeneuve in 1997 with the FW19.

  • The FW14 was the first Newey car to win an F1 race. It was so good, Williams kept it for the following season (in B-spec), where it won the championship.

    Paul-Henri Cahier/Getty Images

  • The FW15C is considered by many to be the most advanced F1 car ever thanks to fully active suspension, a semi-automatic gearbox, and anti-lock brakes.

    Pascal Rondeau/Allsport/Getty Images

  • Damon Hill almost won the 1994 championship in the FW16. Here, we see Newey driving the car up the hill at the Goodwood Festival of Speed.

    Mark Thompson/Getty Images

  • In 1995, Damon Hill did not drive a great season, and Michael Schumacher won everything.

    Paul-Henri Cahier/Getty Images

  • But 1996 went much better and Hill took the title. Williams dumped him anyway, and Newey also left, disliking the way Hill was treated.

    Darren Heath/Getty Images

  • Newey was on gardening leave while his FW18 earned another championship in 1997.

    Paul-Henri Cahier/Getty Images

Here are all the F1 cars designed by the legendary Adrian Newey Read More »

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Sims show problems with F1’s plan for moveable wings in 2026

Cars, downforce, F1, Formula 1, racing / /

work in progress —

In low-drag configuration, the cars were “undriveable.”

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Under a cloudscape sky, and in front of trees of the Ardennes Forest, a Red Bull Racing RB10 racing car driven at speed by either German Sebastian Vettel or Australian driver Mark Webber through the Eau Rouge corner and towards the Raidillon corner following other cars while being watched by a crowd of people sitting in the grandstand during the race at the 2014 Belgian Grand Prix, Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium, on the 24th August 2014. (Photo by Darren Heath/Getty Images)

Enlarge / F1 has a few more months before it has to finalize the technical regulations for 2026.

Darren Heath/Getty Images

F1 is set to undergo another of its periodic technical rule changes in 2026, undertaken every few years in an effort to keep the racing safe and at least somewhat relevant. The sport is adopting carbon-neutral synthetic fuels and switching to a simplified, if far more powerful, hybrid system, powering cars with much less drag. But early simulation tests have been alarming, with cars that were at times “undriveable,” according to a report in Motorsport.

The FIA, which is in charge of F1’s rules and regulations, wants cars that can race each other closely and entertain an audience, so expect the 2026 cars to generate less aerodynamic downforce, since that is often conducive to processional racing.

Reducing drag is a bigger priority for the FIA, especially since the new hybrid system, which still regenerates energy under braking but no longer also from the engine’s turbocharger, won’t have the energy sufficient to aid the car’s combustion engine throughout the entire lap.

The solution is to evolve the feature currently known as the Drag Reduction System, which has been required on cars since 2011. DRS lowers an element of the rear wing on command, cutting drag to the car. But instead of using it to make overtaking a bit easier, as is the case now, the idea is for the cars to have a low-drag configuration along the straights, then switch into a high downforce configuration for cornering.

But according to Motorsport, when the cars are in their lowest-drag configuration, they become “almost undriveable—with multiple examples of drivers spinning on straights under acceleration or being unable to take the smallest of curves without the rear stepping out.”

The culprit is a huge shift in the car’s center of pressure, which the FIA says is as much as three times greater than the current change in balance when a driver deploys their DRS. There is a solution, though—active front wings to go with the active rear wings, which move in concert to maintain the same balance on the car even as it switches from high downforce to low drag.

Some of you may be asking why, if F1 is supposedly the pinnacle of motorsport, it hasn’t had active front wings all along. But the sport has had a long-held prohibition on active aerodynamic devices—which it even extended to mass dampers—since 1969 (other than when specified by the rules, like DRS, obviously), following a series of crashes shortly after F1 discovered downforce.

Sims show problems with F1’s plan for moveable wings in 2026 Read More »

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F1’s pursuit of sustainability drives Pirelli to unveil forest-friendly tires

auto racing, Cars, F1, Pirelli, tires / /

pit stop —

The Forest Stewardship Council has given its approval to Pirelli’s natural rubber.

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A pirelli F1 tire with the FSC logo on it

Enlarge / You’ll notice the Forest Stewardship Council’s logo on the sidewall to the right of the Pirelli logo.

Pirelli

Formula 1 is on a big sustainability kick. The race cars are switching to carbon neutral synthetic fuels. Teams are improving their logistics to cut freight emissions. Race tracks are starting to run entirely on solar power. And now, the tires that Pirelli brings to the races have been given the seal of approval by an NGO as meeting its standards for sustainable forestry.

It will be hard to spot when the cars are moving, but this year, you’ll find a tree logo on the sidewall. That indicates that the natural rubber that went into making the tire has been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. Natural rubber makes up about 15 percent of the rubber in an F1 tire, with the rest being synthetic.

According to the FSC, natural rubber is a key driver of deforestry, as well as human rights abuses, particularly among the smallholders who farm 85 percent of the world’s natural rubber. By putting its logo on the tire, the FSC says that Pirelli has met “the world’s most credible standards for sustainable forestry,” protecting both the forests and the forest communities’ rights, including fair wages.

It’s one of a number of steps that Pirelli has put in place to make its F1 program more sustainable.

“I believe that the certification is an important step in this direction because it’s not Pirelli that is certifiying itself; it is a recognized third party that is giving us this certification, from the way in which we collect natural rubber, with respect of biodiversity, respect of the local population, the way we transport or use the natural rubber,” explained Mario Isola, head of Pirelli’s F1 program.

The synthetic rubber—chosen because it allows Pirelli to tune the characteristics it needs for the tires’ performance—is another area of attention. “Our R&D is focused on replacing the current material with more sustainable materials, keeping the same level of performance characteristics of the tire,” Isola told Ars.

Pirelli technicians work on the tires during practice ahead of the F1 Grand Prix of Saudi Arabia at Jeddah Corniche Circuit on March 7, 2024, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Enlarge / Pirelli technicians work on the tires during practice ahead of the F1 Grand Prix of Saudi Arabia at Jeddah Corniche Circuit on March 7, 2024, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Qian Jun/MB Media/Getty Images

In other racing disciplines, particularly sports car racing, series have begun to restrict the total tire allocation across a race weekend to drive the development of more durable tires that will be used across multiple stints rather than being changed at each pit stop. That’s less appropriate in F1, where the rules require using two different tire compounds during a race. But for this year, Pirelli may well be able to cut the number of wet and intermediate tires by half.

“We are working on another idea that is what we call ‘strip and fit.’ When we fit a tire on a rim, even if it is new, we have to scrap it because of the bead and the stress that you put on the bead,” Isola said.

“But we made an investigation on wet and intermediate tires where the stress on the tire was lower compared to the slick tire. So the tires that we are going to fit but not use during the first half of the season will be dismounted and checked, and then we can use them in the second half of the season. If it doesn’t rain—obviously, we cannot control the weather—we are going to save roughly 50 percent of the rain tires,” he told me.

In other F1 tire news, we’ve now learned that the sport will stick with 18-inch wheels when the technical regulations undergo their next shake-up ahead of the 2026 season.

F1 only moved to 18-inch wheels from much smaller 13-inch wheels at the start of the 2022 season, long after any new vehicle was equipped with wheels so small. There have been complaints that the larger 18-inch wheels have added too much unsprung weight to the current generation of F1 cars, which are by far the heaviest the sport has seen in its history.

Consequently, it was believed that the sport might reduce the wheel size to 16 inches in 2026. But that would require an expensive testing program, and since 16-inch wheels are barely more road-relevant to current new vehicles than 13-inch wheels, the decision was made to stick with what we mostly have now, although the final tire size and shape have yet to be decided upon.

F1’s pursuit of sustainability drives Pirelli to unveil forest-friendly tires Read More »

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Here’s what we know after three days of Formula 1 preseason testing

Cars, F1, Formula 1, racing / /
Max Verstappen of the Netherlands driving the (1) Oracle Red Bull Racing RB20 on track during day one of F1 Testing at Bahrain International Circuit on February 21, 2024 in Bahrain, Bahrain.

Enlarge / While it’s hard to read too much into preseason testing times, it’s also hard to see anyone really challenging Red Bull or Max Verstappen for outright speed.

Mark Thompson/Getty Images

The sixth season of Drive to Survive, Netflix’s blockbuster behind-the-scenes sportumentary, went live today. This isn’t a review of that. Instead, for the past few days my attention has been turned to Formula 1’s preseason testing, which got underway on Wednesday morning at the Bahrain International Circuit in Bahrain.

In the olden days, preseason testing was a thing you’d read about in the specialty press—a reason to buy a copy of Autosport in February, if you will. There was a lot more of it back then, too; up to five official preseason tests, although it was unusual for a team to attend all of them.

In F1’s current era, there isn’t really time for so much testing, even if it weren’t strictly limited by the rules. The first race of what should be a 24-race calendar takes place next Saturday (March 2), with the final round, also in the Middle East, not scheduled until December 8. Contrast that with the early 2000s, when a season might run for 16 or 17 races between early March and mid-October.

This year the teams get three test days ahead of 24 race weekends.

Enlarge / This year the teams get three test days ahead of 24 race weekends.

Mark Thompson/Getty Images

Back then, none of the preseason testing would be broadcast to fans, either. Now, thanks to F1’s streaming platform, there are 24 hours of coverage to keep you occupied, with each eight-hour day covered by an English-language commentary team that combines some of F1’s own (yay, Sam Collins!) with some voices more familiar to Sky’s (and therefore ESPN’s) coverage, like the always-excellent Anthony Davidson.

While I imagine the committed F1 fan will also add in all 10 hours of DtS season six, you’re unlikely to get nearly as good of a technical insight into the new cars or come away with a better understanding of what the drivers are doing in the cars to extract such speed so consistently.

Don’t read much into the times

An important thing to know about preseason testing is that it’s very difficult to read much into any of the lap times. The cars aren’t subject to scrutineering checks the way they are during a race weekend, and some teams aren’t above putting together a so-called glory lap to top the timesheets and maybe attract a sponsor or two.

These days, that’s far less likely than sandbagging—intentionally driving a car slowly at certain points during a lap, perhaps—to hide one’s true pace. Instead, each team has its own run plan designed to satisfy the needs of the engineers.

Rarer still is the team that shows up with something revolutionary that blows everyone else into the weeds. But it does happen—check out Keanu Reeves’ Brawn: The Impossible F1 Story for a 21st-century example of such a sporting fairytale.

What’s changed in the offseason?

There have been no real changes to the technical regulations for this year, but every team has a new car that reflects their better understanding of how the current ruleset needs to be best exploited.

The key to generating useful aerodynamic downforce from a current F1 car’s ground effect is to keep the car as stable as possible under both braking and accelerating, which means controlling dive at the front axle and countering lift at the rear axle. For 2024, some teams have had a fundamental rethink of how they do that.

  • George and Lewis will push the WhatsApp button to talk to their race engineers.

    Kym Illman/Getty Images

  • Ferrari topped the time sheets on days two and three, and the car looks fast in long runs as well as qualifying simulations.

    Mario Renzi – Formula 1/Formula 1 via Getty Images

  • Mercedes (and the teams it supplies engines to) have moved to rear pushrod suspension.

    Peter Fox – Formula 1/Formula 1 via Getty Images

  • Sauber is a good example of a team that’s kept as much of the car bare carbon as possible.

    Mark Thompson/Getty Images

  • Visa Cash App RB is a daft name for a team. And while I’m complaining, should Red Bull really be allowed to own two teams? I can’t think of another sport where someone can own more than one franchise.

    Rudy Carezzevoli/Getty Images

  • Long-serving Red Bull team boss Christian Horner is looking less secure in his position thanks to an ongoing internal investigation regarding inappropriate behavior towards a subordinate.

    Mark Thompson/Getty Images

  • There’s a new boss at Haas, Ayao Komatsu.

    NDREJ ISAKOVIC/AFP via Getty Images

  • Aston Martin’s car looks like it handles well, but might not have the pace of either Ferrari or Mercedes.

    Mark Thompson/Getty Images

  • You’d think two French teammates in a French team might be a recipe for harmony, but Esteban Ocon and Pierre Gasly don’t really have the best relationship.

    Clive Mason/Getty Images

  • Alex Albon drove last year’s Williams into some points-paying positions when the track suited the car. This year Williams says it has a car with a much wider operating window.

    Rudy Carezzevoli/Getty Images

Kick Sauber and RB (yes, those are real names) are joining Red Bull and McLaren in using pullrods (instead of pushrods) for their front suspension. Meanwhile, Mercedes, Aston Martin, and Williams have switched to rear pushrods, which interfere less with the underbody aerodynamics, leaving just Ferrari and their client Haas sticking with rear pullrods.

The floor might generate more of the downforce now, but that doesn’t mean bodywork isn’t important. Red Bull’s looks significantly different, incorporating ideas tried with varying success at other teams like Ferrari’s “bathtub sidepod” or Mercedes’ “zero sidepod.”

Truthfully, the most immediately noticeable difference from last year has been more teams opting to forgo a full-body paint job, preferring large expanses of bare carbon fiber in the name of saving another kilo or two. And if you’re looking for nerd trivia to bore impress someone with, the Mercedes drivers now have a WhatsApp button on their steering wheel to use to radio back to the pits.

Here’s what we know after three days of Formula 1 preseason testing Read More »

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Andretti Cadillac didn’t snub Formula 1—F1’s email went to spam folder

Andretti Cadillac, Cars, F1, Formula 1, racing / /

go on, let them in —

Formula 1 emailed the prospective team but never followed up when it got no reply.

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Close up of spam email folder on screen

Enlarge / Don’t you hate it when an important email ends up here?

Getty Images

Last week, Formula 1 formally rejected a bid by Andretti Cadillac to join the sport as an 11th team and constructor. Among the details in a lengthy justification of its decision, Formula 1 wrote that on December 12, it invited the Andretti team to an in-person meeting, “but the Applicant did not take us up on this offer.” Now, it turns out that the Andretti team never saw the email, which instead got caught by a spam filter.

Not even a follow-up?

“We were not aware that the offer of a meeting had been extended and would not decline a meeting with Formula One Management,” the team said in a statement. “An in-person meeting to discuss commercial matters would be and remains of paramount importance to Andretti Cadillac. We welcome the opportunity to meet with Formula One Management and have written to them confirming our interest.”

F1 apparently never followed up with a phone call or even subsequent email during the six weeks between that initial invitation and its announcement at the end of January. Had the two parties gotten together, it’s likely that Andretti could have cleared up some other things for F1 as well.

You just assumed 2025

As F1 noted in its justification, Formula 1 is about to go through a significant rule change in 2026. The cars will be a little narrower and lighter, and the expensive, complicated hybrid system that recovers waste heat energy (known as the MGU-H) is going away—to compensate, the hybrid system that recovers energy under braking (the MGU-K) will get far more powerful.

Designing a car to enter the 2025 season and then a completely different car to a new set of rules in 2026 would be quite the challenge. No one appears to have understood this more than Andretti, which has instead been concentrating on designing a car to those 2026 rules.

Having realized some time ago that the entire process—which began in February 2023—had dragged on so long that it would be virtually impossible to field an entry for next year, the team said it had “been operating with 2026 as the year of entry for many months now. The technicality of 2025 still being part of the application is a result of the length of this process.”

Hey, I know you!

That in-person meeting would also have allowed F1’s management to say hello to some old faces it knows well; Andretti’s chief designer John McQuilliam, head of aerodynamics Jon Tomlinson, and technical director Nick Chester have all worked under F1 technical director Pat Symonds in the past.

As many have pointed out, F1’s claim that any new team has to be competitive and able to challenge for wins doesn’t hold much water, particularly since a single team took home all but one winner’s trophy last season. But it also remains clear that F1 really doesn’t want to add an 11th team to its roster, despite how advantageous a new American team could be as the sport attempts to grow its presence here in the US.

The entry process was not opened by F1 but by the FIA (Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile), which writes the rulebook and used to have sole jurisdiction over this kind of thing until the European Union’s antitrust action forced the FIA to give up its commercial interest in the sport in 1999. At first, the commercial rights were owned by Bernie Ecclestone, then the private equity group CVC Capital Partners, and since 2018, Liberty Media. Under the current agreement between the FIA, F1, and the teams, F1 has a veto on any new addition to the sport, even if—as is the case with Andretti Cadillac—an entrant passes the FIA’s due diligence.

Now that the communications breakdown has been revealed, perhaps Andretti and F1 can get back together and have a more civilized discussion about an entry in 2026.

Andretti Cadillac didn’t snub Formula 1—F1’s email went to spam folder Read More »